Solar panels work on the principle of the photovoltaic effect. Solar cells within the panels are made of semiconductor materials like silicon. When exposed to sunlight, these cells absorb photons (particles of light), which generate an electrical current. This DC electricity is then transformed into AC electricity for household or commercial use.

Net metering is a billing arrangement that allows solar panel system owners to receive credits for excess electricity they feed back into the grid. During sunny days when the system generates more electricity than is used, the surplus is sent to the grid, and homeowners receive credits on their utility bills.

A battery backup system, also known as an energy storage system (ESS), stores surplus electricity generated by solar panels in batteries. This stored energy can be used during nighttime hours, periods of low solar generation, or power outages, ensuring a continuous power supply.

There are several types of solar batteries:

• Lead-Acid Batteries: These are affordable but have shorter lifespans and lower energy density.
• Lithium-Ion Batteries: Lithium-ion batteries offer high energy density, longer lifespans, and faster charging capabilities.
• Saltwater Batteries: Saltwater batteries are eco-friendly and have good cycle life but may have limited availability.

Solar panels typically have a lifespan of 25 to 30 years or more. Most reputable manufacturers offer warranties that guarantee at least 80% of their original performance for 20 to 25 years.

The cost of solar panels and batteries has decreased over the years, making them more affordable for homeowners and businesses. Government incentives, tax credits, and financing options can further reduce costs.

Solar panels can generate electricity even in cloudy or cold climates. While their efficiency may be lower under such conditions, properly designed solar panel systems can still provide a significant energy supply.